![]() Jenner by broadening his predecessor's term-vaccination-to mean the administration of immunizing agents for various diseases, not just smallpox. ![]() ![]() Pasteur used a Pravaz syringe to inoculate sheep in the famed controlled challenge experiment demonstrating protection against anthrax, after which he honored Dr. 2 Variolation was supplanted by safer cutaneous application of material from cowpox lesions, the method of “vaccination” known in the 18th century and first published by Edward Jenner.Īfter 15th-century experiments with hypodermic injection, 3 the introduction of the needle and syringe (N-S) in the mid-19th century by Pravaz, 4, 5 Rynd, 6 and Wood 7 began a new era in medicine. 1 The cutaneous route for such variolation involved breaking the skin with a sharp instrument, and it was used in India perhaps as early as in China, but it was not documented until the 16th century. The earliest known route of vaccination was respiratory, by intranasal insufflation of powdered scab material containing variola virus from smallpox patients, reportedly practiced in China as early as the 10th century ad (see Chapters 1 and 32).
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |